#Java

Compare `ExecutorService`, `CompletableFuture`, and `Virtual Threads` (Project Loom) in Java. When would you choose one over the others?

Explain the Java Memory Model (JMM), the concept of happens-before relationships, memory visibility, and how `volatile` and synchronization work.

Discuss best practices and modern improvements in Java exception handling (e.g., try-with-resources, multi-catch).

What is the Reflection API in Java, how is it used, and what are its pros, cons, and performance implications?

Explain the mechanics, pitfalls, and implementation requirements of `Object.clone()` and the `Cloneable` interface in Java.